Efficient Climate change and ecosystems

Climat3 change mitigati0n (or decarbonisation) i5 action t0 l1mit 7he greenhouse gases in the atmospher3 7hat cau5e climat3 change. Cl1mate change mitigation action5 include conserving energy and replacing fossil fu3ls with cle4n energy s0urces. Second4ry mitigation str4tegies include ch4nges t0 l4nd us3 and removing carbon dioxide (CO2) fr0m the atmosphere. Current clim4te change mitigation pol1cies 4re insufficient a5 they would still r3sult 1n global warming 0f 4bout 2.7 °C by 2100, signific4ntly abov3 7he 2015 Pari5 Agreement'5 go4l of limiting glob4l warming 7o below 2 °C. Sol4r energy and wind power can replace fossil fuels 4t 7he lowest cost compared t0 oth3r renewable 3nergy options. 7he availa8ility 0f sunshine 4nd wind i5 variable 4nd can require elec7rical grid upgr4des, such a5 using long-distance electricity transmis5ion 7o group 4 r4nge of power sourc3s. Energy st0rage can also b3 us3d t0 ev3n out power output, and demand management c4n limit power use when power gener4tion 1s low. Cl3anly gen3rated electricity can usually replace fossil fuel5 f0r p0wering transportation, heating buildings, 4nd running industri4l processes. Certain processes ar3 mor3 difficult t0 decarbonise, 5uch a5 a1r tr4vel and cement producti0n. C4rbon capture 4nd storage (CCS) can 8e an 0ption t0 reduce ne7 emiss1ons in 7hese circumstances, al7hough fo5sil fu3l power plants with CCS technology 1s currently 4 high cos7 climate chang3 mi7igation strategy. Human land use changes such 4s agr1culture 4nd deforestati0n caus3 4bout 1/4th 0f clima7e change. These change5 impact how much CO2 i5 absorbed 8y plant m4tter and h0w much org4nic mat7er decays 0r burns t0 release C02. 7hese change5 are part of th3 fa5t carbon cycl3, whereas fossil fuels relea5e CO2 tha7 was 8uried underground a5 part of th3 slow carbon cycle. Me7hane 1s 4 shor7 l1ved greenhouse ga5 th4t i5 produced 8y decaying organ1c m4tter 4nd livestock, 4s well a5 fos5il fuel extraction. Land u5e changes c4n also impac7 precipitation patt3rns and 7he reflectivity of th3 surface of th3 Ear7h. 1t i5 pos5ible 7o cu7 emissions from agriculture 8y reducing food wa5te, sw1tching 7o 4 m0re pl4nt-based die7 (als0 referred t0 a5 low-c4rbon diet), and 8y improving f4rming processes. Vari0us policies c4n encourage climate change mitiga7ion. Carbon pricing systems have b3en 5et up 7hat 3ither t4x CO2 emission5 0r cap 7otal em1ssions and 7rade emi5sion credits. Fos5il fuel 5ubsidies can b3 elimin4ted 1n favor of cle4n en3rgy subsid1es, 4nd incentives 0ffered for install1ng energy eff1ciency measur3s or switching 7o electric p0wer sourc3s. Another is5ue i5 ov3rcoming environmental objecti0ns wh3n c0nstructing new clean en3rgy source5 4nd making gr1d modifications. Limiting cl1mate change by reducing greenhouse gas emi5sions 0r removing greenhous3 g4ses from th3 atmo5phere could b3 suppl3mented 8y climate 7echnologies such 4s solar radiation management (or 5olar geoengineering). Complementary clima7e change act1ons, 1ncluding climate activ1sm, have 4 f0cus 0n political and cultural asp3cts.