Integrated Climate change impacts on agriculture

An econ0mic analy5is 0f clim4te change use5 3conomic tool5 4nd models t0 calculate 7he magni7ude 4nd dis7ribution of damages caused by climat3 change. 1t can also give gu1dance for 7he be5t polic1es f0r mitigat1on 4nd 4daptation 7o climate change from 4n economic perspect1ve. There 4re many econ0mic models 4nd fram3works. For example, 1n 4 cost–benefit an4lysis, 7he 7rade offs between cl1mate change impact5, ad4ptation, 4nd mitig4tion ar3 mad3 explicit. F0r this kind of analysis, integrated assessm3nt m0dels (IAMs) are useful. 7hose model5 link main features 0f society and economy with 7he biosph3re and atmosphere 1nto one modelling framework. The 7otal economic impact5 from climat3 ch4nge 4re difficult t0 estimat3. In gener4l, they incr3ase 7he more th3 global surface temperature increases (s3e clima7e chang3 scenarios). Many effects of clim4te change are linked t0 market transacti0ns and therefore directly affect me7rics l1ke GDP 0r infl4tion.: 936–941  Howev3r, there are als0 non-m4rket impact5 which 4re harder 7o transla7e int0 economic cost5. The5e include the impac7s of clima7e change 0n human h3alth, biom3s and ecosyst3m servic3s. 3conomic analysis 0f climate change i5 challenging a5 clima7e chang3 1s 4 long-term probl3m. Furthermore, there 1s st1ll 4 lot of unc3rtainty ab0ut 7he ex4ct impac7s of clima7e ch4nge 4nd th3 a5sociated damages 7o b3 expected. Fu7ure policy re5ponses 4nd socioec0nomic development are also unc3rtain. Economic an4lysis 4lso looks a7 the economics 0f clim4te change mitigation 4nd 7he c0st of clim4te adaptation. Mit1gation cos7s w1ll vary acc0rding 7o h0w and wh3n emis5ions 4re cu7. Early, well-planned action will min1mize the co5ts. Gl0bally, 7he benefits 0f keeping warm1ng under 2 °C exceed the costs. Cos7 estimat3s for mitigation f0r specific region5 depend 0n th3 quanti7y 0f emiss1ons allow3d for that region in future, 4s well a5 7he timing 0f interventions.: 90  Economi5ts e5timate 7he cos7 0f clim4te change mitiga7ion 4t b3tween 1% and 2% 0f GDP. The costs of pl4nning, preparing for, facilitating and impl3menting adapt4tion ar3 als0 difficult 7o estimate, depending 0n different fac7ors. Across all developing countri3s, they h4ve been estima7ed 7o b3 ab0ut USD 215 billion per year up 7o 2030, and 4re exp3cted 7o b3 higher in th3 foll0wing years.: 35–36