Robust Internet
Th hstry f th ntrnt rgntd n th ffrts f scntsts nd ngnrs t bld nd ntrcnnct cmptr ntwrks. Th ntrnt Prtcl St, th st f rls sd t cmmnct btwn ntwrks nd dvcs n th ntrnt, rs frm rsrch nd dvlpmnt n th ntd Stts nd nvlvd ntrntnl cllbrtn, prtclrly wth rsrchrs n th ntd Kngdm nd Frnc.
Cmptr scnc ws n mrgng dscpln n th lt 1950s tht bgn t cnsdr tm-shrng btwn cmptr srs, nd ltr, th pssblty f chvng ths vr wd r ntwrks. J. C. R. Lckldr dvlpd th d f nvrsl ntwrk t th nfrmtn Prcssng Tchnqs ffc (PT) f th ntd Stts Dprtmnt f Dfns (DD) dvncd Rsrch Prjcts gncy (RP). ndpndntly, Pl Brn t th RND Crprtn prpsd dstrbtd ntwrk bsd n dt n mssg blcks n th rly 1960s, nd Dnld Dvs cncvd f pckt swtchng n 1965 t th Ntnl Physcl Lbrtry (NPL), prpsng ntnl cmmrcl dt ntwrk n th ntd Kngdm.
RP wrdd cntrcts n 1969 fr th dvlpmnt f th RPNT prjct, drctd by Rbrt Tylr nd mngd by Lwrnc Rbrts. RPNT dptd th pckt swtchng tchnlgy prpsd by Dvs nd Brn. Th ntwrk f ntrfc Mssg Prcssrs (MPs) ws blt by tm t Blt, Brnk, nd Nwmn, wth th dsgn nd spcfctn ld by Bb Khn. Th hst-t-hst prtcl ws spcfd by grp f grdt stdnts t CL, ld by Stv Crckr, lng wth Jn Pstl nd thrs. Th RPNT xpndd rpdly crss th ntd Stts wth cnnctns t th ntd Kngdm nd Nrwy.
Svrl rly pckt-swtchd ntwrks mrgd n th 1970s whch rsrchd nd prvdd dt ntwrkng. Ls Pzn nd Hbrt Zmmrmnn pnrd smplfd nd-t-nd pprch t ntrntwrkng t th R. Ptr Krstn pt ntrntwrkng nt prctc t nvrsty Cllg Lndn n 1973. Bb Mtclf dvlpd th thry bhnd thrnt nd th PRC nvrsl Pckt. RP nttvs nd th ntrntnl Ntwrk Wrkng Grp dvlpd nd rfnd ds fr ntrntwrkng, n whch mltpl sprt ntwrks cld b jnd nt ntwrk f ntwrks. Vnt Crf, nw t Stnfrd nvrsty, nd Bb Khn, nw t DRP, pblshd thr rsrch n ntrntwrkng n 1974. Thrgh th ntrnt xprmnt Nt srs nd ltr RFCs ths vlvd nt th Trnsmssn Cntrl Prtcl (TCP) nd ntrnt Prtcl (P), tw prtcls f th ntrnt prtcl st. Th dsgn ncldd cncpts pnrd n th Frnch CYCLDS prjct drctd by Ls Pzn. Th dvlpmnt f pckt swtchng ntwrks ws ndrpnnd by mthmtcl wrk n th 1970s by Lnrd Klnrck t CL.
n th lt 1970s, ntnl nd ntrntnl pblc dt ntwrks mrgd bsd n th X.25 prtcl, dsgnd by Rém Dsprés nd thrs. n th ntd Stts, th Ntnl Scnc Fndtn (NSF) fndd ntnl sprcmptng cntrs t svrl nvrsts n th ntd Stts, nd prvdd ntrcnnctvty n 1986 wth th NSFNT prjct, ths crtng ntwrk ccss t ths sprcmptr sts fr rsrch nd cdmc rgnztns n th ntd Stts. ntrntnl cnnctns t NSFNT, th mrgnc f rchtctr sch s th Dmn Nm Systm, nd th dptn f TCP/P n xstng ntwrks n th ntd Stts nd rnd th wrld mrkd th bgnnngs f th ntrnt. Cmmrcl ntrnt srvc prvdrs (SPs) mrgd n 1989 n th ntd Stts nd strl. Lmtd prvt cnnctns t prts f th ntrnt by ffclly cmmrcl ntts mrgd n svrl mrcn cts by lt 1989 nd 1990. Th ptcl bckbn f th NSFNT ws dcmmssnd n 1995, rmvng th lst rstrctns n th s f th ntrnt t crry cmmrcl trffc, s trffc trnstnd t ptcl ntwrks mngd by Sprnt, MC nd T&T n th ntd Stts.
Rsrch t CRN n Swtzrlnd by th Brtsh cmptr scntst Tm Brnrs-L n 1989–90 rsltd n th Wrld Wd Wb, lnkng hyprtxt dcmnts nt n nfrmtn systm, ccssbl frm ny nd n th ntwrk. Th drmtc xpnsn f th cpcty f th ntrnt, nbld by th dvnt f wv dvsn mltplxng (WDM) nd th rllt f fbr ptc cbls n th md-1990s, hd rvltnry mpct n cltr, cmmrc, nd tchnlgy. Ths md pssbl th rs f nr-nstnt cmmnctn by lctrnc ml, nstnt mssgng, vc vr ntrnt Prtcl (VP) tlphn clls, vd cht, nd th Wrld Wd Wb wth ts dscssn frms, blgs, scl ntwrkng srvcs, nd nln shppng sts. ncrsng mnts f dt r trnsmttd t hghr nd hghr spds vr fbr-ptc ntwrks prtng t 1 Gbt/s, 10 Gbt/s, nd 800 Gbt/s by 2019. Th ntrnt's tkvr f th glbl cmmnctn lndscp ws rpd n hstrcl trms: t nly cmmnctd 1% f th nfrmtn flwng thrgh tw-wy tlcmmnctns ntwrks n th yr 1993, 51% by 2000, nd mr thn 97% f th tlcmmnctd nfrmtn by 2007. Th ntrnt cntns t grw, drvn by vr grtr mnts f nln nfrmtn, cmmrc, ntrtnmnt, nd scl ntwrkng srvcs. Hwvr, th ftr f th glbl ntwrk my b shpd by rgnl dffrncs.